EXECUTIONER'S AXE, 17th–18th century

This massive axe is a remarkable example of a judicial weapon used for capital executions by beheading. Its wide, asymmetrical crescent-shaped blade lacks a back blade or defensive elements, clearly distinguishing it from war axes or halberds. The long, slightly curved cutting edge tapers to a point at the top and is designed to deliver a single, fatal blow, typically reserved for high-ranking convicts.

The iron has developed a beautiful dark patina and shows signs of wear consistent with its age, and possibly its use. The tang of the blade is set into a straight wooden handle, worn and of a simple, functional shape. This sobriety reflects the solemn and regulated nature of the official executions for which these weapons were intended.

A particularly significant detail lies in the marks stamped on the side of the blade. Two distinct punches are visible: one appears to represent a floriated or stylized cross with four equal arms, while the other evokes a heraldic symbol or a municipal seal. These stamps served to authenticate the weapon as an official tool, likely forged under the control of a city arsenal or a recognized master blacksmith in a Germanic or Swiss region.

The shape, style, and stamps of this axe suggest an origin in the Holy Roman Empire – potentially Nuremberg, Solingen, or Bern – between the late 16th century and the 18th century. These heavy and imposing axes were the instruments of professional executioners, often stored in municipal arsenals and brought out for public executions, which were both acts of justice and deterrence.

Through its macabre history, judicial function, and official maker’s marks, this executioner’s axe is a striking piece that would have its rightful place in a cabinet of curiosities, at the crossroads of justice, craftsmanship, and the morbid.

The handle appears to have been shortened; it is unusually short compared to the probable size and weight of the blade. Historic executioner’s axes typically featured a long handle (60 to 90 cm) to allow for a wide, precise, and powerful stroke capable of severing in a single blow.

PERIOD: 17th–18th century
BLADE SIZE: 39 cm / 15"
OVERALL SIZE: 75 cm / 29.5"

Executioner's axes were emblematic instruments of capital punishment, primarily used in Europe from the Middle Ages through the 18th century. Forged from iron or steel, they featured a broad, semi-circular blade designed to sever the condemned’s head in a single, clean strike. Unlike ordinary axes, these were often heavy, carefully balanced for precision and efficiency. They were wielded by professional executioners, who were often feared and marginalized despite their official role. Some axes bore engravings or macabre symbols, underscoring their grim function. Their use was often public, in a ceremonial context meant to impress the crowd. Over time, they were gradually replaced by the guillotine, seen as more "humane" and efficient. A few examples are preserved today in European museums. They stand as witnesses to the history of criminal justice and institutionalized violence.