The Cistercian Order: A Monastic and Spiritual Reform

The Cistercian Order, also known as the Order of Cîteaux, is a major branch of Christian monasticism. Originating in the 11th century as a reaction against the perceived opulence and laxity of some Benedictine abbeys, the order played a key role in the religious, cultural, and economic life of medieval Europe. This article explores in detail its history, core principles, influence, and development to the present day.

Origins and Foundation

The Cistercian Order was born in 1098, in a context of spiritual renewal within the Catholic Church. At that time, some Benedictine monasteries, particularly those affiliated with the Cluniac order, were criticized for their wealth and their distance from the original monastic ideals. Faced with these perceived deviations, a group of monks led by Robert de Molesme decided to break with established practices and return to a stricter and more austere interpretation of the Rule of Saint Benedict .

The Separation of Molesme and the Foundation of Cîteaux

Robert of Molesme, abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Molesme in Burgundy, felt a deep dissatisfaction with the relaxation of monastic discipline. He aspired to a simpler life and a faithful application of Benedictine principles: prayer, silence, manual work and detachment from material goods. Supported by a handful of monks who shared this vision, he obtained permission to found a new community.

The choice of the site of Cîteaux , or Cistercium in Latin, near Dijon, is not insignificant. This isolated, marshy and inhospitable place reflects their desire to escape worldly influences and to devote themselves fully to God. This location also symbolizes their humility and their desire to begin their new spiritual life in a stripped-down environment.

The First Challenges

The early days at Cîteaux were marked by difficult conditions. The marshy soil required hard work to cultivate. Resources were limited, and the monks lived in extreme poverty. This situation tested their commitment, but also strengthened their determination to live up to their ideals.

Robert of Molesme led the community for a short time before returning to Molesme under pressure from his former brothers. In his place, Alberic took the reins of the community. Alberic strengthened the independence of Cîteaux and established relations with the Holy See, obtaining support that stabilized the young abbey.

Stephen Harding and the Charter of Charity

After Alberic, Stephen Harding became the third abbot of Cîteaux. A key figure in the structuring of the Order, Stephen gave the community a rigorous organization. He wrote the Charter of Charity ( Carta Caritatis ), an essential document that defined the relationships between the Cistercian abbeys and established the operating principles of the order.

This charter is innovative in several respects. It emphasizes:

• Spiritual and structural unity : all affiliated abbeys follow the same liturgical rules and practices.
• Local autonomy : each abbey is economically autonomous while remaining under the supervision of the mother abbey.
• Solidarity : Prosperous abbeys support struggling communities.

The Charter of Charity lays the foundations for the rapid expansion of the Order, ensuring coherence while allowing for controlled growth.

A Model of Reform

The founding of Cîteaux was part of a broader dynamic of ecclesiastical reform in the Middle Ages, marked by a return to the sources of Christianity. It is distinguished, however, by its radical commitment to poverty, simplicity and humility, contrasting with the opulence of certain Cluniac monasteries.

This quest for purity soon attracted new followers, including a figure who would change the destiny of the Order: Bernard of Clairvaux , who would join Cîteaux in 1113 and play a central role in its development.

The Fundamental Principles

The Cistercian Order is distinguished by its return to the roots of Christian monasticism, embodied in the Rule of Saint Benedict. Its members reject practices that they believe have compromised the spirituality of some monasteries, and reaffirm the values ​​of austerity, manual work, and simplicity. These fundamental principles structure the lives of Cistercian monks and reflect their quest for communion with God through an existence centered on the essential.

Back to the Rule of Saint Benedict

Written in the 6th century by Saint Benedict of Nursia, the Rule of Saint Benedict constitutes the central guide of the Cistercians. It is built around three main pillars:

1. Prayer : the liturgy of the Hours punctuates the monks' day, divided into periods of collective prayer, personal meditation and contemplation.
2. Manual work : essential to meet their needs while avoiding idleness.
3. Spiritual reading (lectio divina) : a deep, slow meditation on the Scriptures, designed to nourish the soul.

The Cistercians, unlike some contemporary Benedictine monks influenced by Cluny, insist on a strict and humble application of these precepts. Their aim is to lead a life poor in material possessions but rich in spirituality. They shun luxury and commit themselves to a life of prayer and work in the service of God, emphasizing humility and self-denial.

Simplicity and Austerity

Cistercian aesthetics reflect their spiritual vision. Unlike the sumptuously decorated churches of the Cluniacs, Cistercian churches are deliberately stripped down, free of intricate sculptures or gold ornaments. This simplicity reflects a theology in which nothing should distract the mind from the essential: the relationship with God.

Characteristic elements of Cistercian architecture include:

• The use of natural light : carefully placed openings allow light to enter the buildings, symbolizing the divine presence.
• Harmony of proportions : a search for sober beauty, inspired by simplicity and geometry, without superfluous flourishes.
• Local materials : the stones and wood used are often extracted or harvested in the surrounding area, reinforcing the anchoring in nature.

This approach is not only an aesthetic expression, but also a way of emphasizing their humility and their attachment to evangelical poverty.

Work and Self-sufficiency

The Cistercians make a point of living from their own work, in accordance with the Benedictine rule summed up by the famous adage: Ora et labora ("Pray and work"). Their commitment to self-sufficiency pushes them to develop expertise in various fields:

• Agriculture : The Cistercians transformed often uncultivated lands into fertile areas through advanced agricultural techniques. They introduced practices such as crop rotation, encouraged livestock breeding, and participated in the cultivation of vines, essential to the production of liturgical wine.

• Water resource management : The monks excel in watercourse management, building sophisticated mills and irrigation systems. These infrastructures not only irrigate their fields, but also provide the energy needed for flour mills or sawmills.

• Crafts : In addition to agriculture, the Cistercians engaged in the manufacture of products such as cheeses, textiles and wooden or metal objects.

This economic autonomy has a dual spiritual and practical meaning. It preserves their independence from external gifts, often considered corrupting, while allowing them to remain faithful to their vow of poverty. Moreover, manual work is seen as prayer in action, a means of sanctifying daily life.

A Spirituality in Action

Rigorous adherence to the principles of prayer, simplicity and work makes the Cistercians a model of harmony between spiritual and practical life. Their strict discipline inspires not only other religious orders, but also lay people, attracted by the example of a life focused on the essential. By dedicating themselves to God through these fundamental principles, the Cistercians seek to offer a testimony of purity and stripping away that goes beyond the material and cultural contingencies of their time.

The Expansion of the Order

The Cistercian Order experienced spectacular growth in the 12th century, becoming a key player in the spiritual, political and social life of medieval Europe. This rapid development was largely due to the emblematic figure of Bernard of Clairvaux, whose influence extended far beyond the confines of the Order. Thanks to his charisma and the rigorous structure of the Cistercians, Cîteaux became the heart of a monastic network of international scope.

The Arrival of Bernard of Clairvaux: A Decisive Turning Point

The year 1113 marked a turning point in the history of the Cistercian Order with the arrival of Bernard of Clairvaux . This young Burgundian nobleman, barely twenty years old, joined the Abbey of Cîteaux with more than 30 companions, inspired by the austere lifestyle of the Cistercians. Quickly, his oratorical talent, his spiritual fervor and his ability to galvanize crowds attracted attention.

In 1115, Bernard was sent to found Clairvaux Abbey, which became one of the most influential daughter abbeys of Cîteaux. Clairvaux became a model of Cistercian life and a spiritual center of prime importance, welcoming monks from all over Europe to imbibe the rigor and purity of the order.

Bernard also played a leading role in spreading Cistercian ideas through his writings, especially his sermons and treatises, which emphasized love of God, humility, and active faith. His charismatic personality drew nobles, clerics, and even kings into the Order's orbit.

The Foundation of the Daughter Abbeys: An Organized Expansion

The Cistercian Order is distinguished by its ability to structure its expansion. Each mother abbey, such as Cîteaux or Clairvaux, founded daughter abbeys in other regions, each strictly following Cistercian rules. This expansion is made possible by a well-organized system established in the Charter of Charity , which guarantees:

• Doctrinal and liturgical unity between the abbeys.
• Regular supervision of daughter abbeys by canonical visits from the mother abbey.
• Mutual support for abbeys in difficulty, strengthening solidarity within the Order.

By the 12th century, the Cistercian network included hundreds of abbeys spread across Europe, from Spain to Poland, England, Germany and Italy. Each abbey became a spiritual and economic center, transforming often uncultivated lands into flourishing estates thanks to the agricultural expertise of the monks.

Spiritual and Political Influence

The impact of the Cistercian Order went far beyond the religious sphere, particularly through the work of Bernard of Clairvaux. He became one of the most influential figures of his time, advising popes, kings and leaders. He played a key role in several major events in medieval history:

• Theological debates : Bernard intervened in important controversies, such as that opposing Catholic orthodoxy to emerging heresies, notably against the Cathars and the Waldensians.
• The fight against abuse in the Church : He openly criticizes the excesses of the Church and campaigns for a return to a purer evangelical life.
• Preaching the Crusades : In 1146, Bernard successfully preached the Second Crusade, mobilizing thousands of followers across Europe to answer the call of Pope Eugene III, a former Cistercian.

The influence of the Cistercians also extended to the level of the royal courts. Their advice was sought by the sovereigns, who saw in them models of virtue and management. The order thus played a role in the arbitration of conflicts and the promotion of political reforms inspired by Christian ideals.

An International Reputation

The rapid expansion of the Order and the influence of figures such as Bernard of Clairvaux gave the Cistercians an international reputation. Their ability to combine spiritual rigor, agricultural innovation, and political influence allowed them to establish themselves as a leading order in the Middle Ages. However, this rapid growth was not without its challenges, notably that of remaining faithful to their ideals of austerity and simplicity in a context of growing prosperity.

Despite these challenges, the Cistercian Order remains one of the most prominent symbols of spiritual and monastic renewal in the medieval era.

Economic and Cultural Contribution

The Cistercian Order had a profound influence on medieval economy and culture. Through their discipline, organization, and mastery of agricultural and artistic techniques, the monks transformed entire regions and left a lasting legacy in various fields.

Agriculture: Masters of the Earth

The Cistercians played a crucial role in the agricultural development of medieval Europe. True to their principle of manual labor ( ora et labora ), they devoted themselves to transforming lands that were often uncultivated or difficult to exploit, creating prosperous estates.

Innovative Techniques

The Cistercians introduced major advances that revolutionized agriculture:

• Marsh drainage : By reclaiming marshy land, they considerably increase the arable areas. Drainage is accompanied by the development of canal networks to irrigate the fields and prevent flooding.
• Crop rotation : This technique helps maintain soil fertility and increase yields.
• Sheep farming : Monks develop flocks for the production of wool, which becomes a key economic resource, particularly in England.

Vines and Wine

Vine growing was another area in which the Cistercians excelled. They established vineyards in regions such as Burgundy, where they contributed to the fame of the local wines. The wine was not only used for liturgical celebrations; it also became a source of income for the Order.

Economic Management and Self-Sufficiency

Cistercian abbeys functioned as self-contained economic units. Monks operated agricultural barns, mills, and workshops, often incorporating mechanical innovations, such as using water power to grind grain or power sawmills. This methodical approach allowed them to support their community while generating surpluses, sometimes sold to finance new foundations.

Architecture: A Spiritual Vision in Stone

The Cistercians created architectural monuments that combined simplicity and grandeur, reflecting their austere vision of spirituality. Their architectural style, a mixture of Romanesque and early Gothic, profoundly influenced religious architecture in Europe.

Principles of Cistercian Architecture

Cistercian abbeys follow strict principles that reflect their faith:

• Simplicity and purity : The buildings are devoid of superfluous decorations, in accordance with their vow of poverty.
• Use of light : Large windows and carefully oriented openings allow natural light to enter, a symbol of divine presence.
• Functionality : The layout of the abbeys is designed to meet the practical needs of the monks, with clearly defined spaces for prayer, work and communal life.

Notable Examples

• Fontenay (France) : Fontenay Abbey, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a perfect example of Romanesque Cistercian architecture. Its clean lines and harmony reflect the spiritual ideal of the monks.
• Fountains Abbey (England) : Located in Yorkshire, this abbey illustrates the evolution towards a more elaborate Gothic style while remaining faithful to Cistercian principles.

These abbeys are not only places of worship, but also economic and cultural centers, attracting pilgrims and visitors who immerse themselves in their spirituality.

The Manuscripts: Guardians of Knowledge

The Cistercians played a key role in the preservation and dissemination of knowledge in the Middle Ages, thanks to their activity of copying manuscripts. The scriptoria, workshops where monks transcribed texts by hand, were essential intellectual centers.

Preservation of Ancient Texts

The Cistercians copied the works of classical authors (Aristotle, Virgil, Cicero) and the Fathers of the Church (Augustine, Jerome). In doing so, they saved many texts from oblivion, passing on ancient knowledge to future generations.

Production of New Texts

Monks did not just copy; they also created their own works, including sermons, theological treatises, and liturgical texts. Bernard of Clairvaux, for example, was the author of many influential writings that left their mark on medieval theology.

A Stripped-Down Style

Unlike the richly illuminated manuscripts produced by other orders, Cistercian manuscripts are characterized by their simplicity. This sobriety reflects their attachment to a spirituality centered on the essential.

Sustainable Heritage

Through their agricultural expertise, visionary architecture and role as guardians of knowledge, the Cistercians left a lasting legacy. They transformed landscapes, influenced sacred art and enriched Europe's intellectual heritage. Their contribution to medieval culture and economy is a testament to their spiritual vision and commitment to the human community.

Crisis and Reforms

The Decline

From the 14th century onwards, the Order experienced a decline due to wars, epidemics (such as the Black Death) and internal tensions. The accumulation of wealth in some abbeys ran counter to Cistercian ideals, leading to criticism.

The Trappist Reforms

In the 17th century, a group of Cistercians led a reform to return to the original ideals. This gave birth to the Trappists (Cistercian order of the strict observance), known for their rigorous discipline.

The Cistercian Order Today

The history of the Cistercian Order is not without its difficulties. After a period of expansion and prosperity, the Order faced profound crises from the 14th century onwards. These trials, marked by external conflicts and internal tensions, led to reforms that redefined the Cistercian identity.

The Decline: A Weakened Order

Several factors converged to weaken the Cistercian Order from the 14th century onwards, causing a gradual move away from its founding ideals.

Historical Context and Conflicts

• Wars : The Hundred Years' Wars (1337-1453) and local conflicts in Europe seriously disrupt monastic life. The abbeys, often located in rural areas, are pillaged or abandoned.
• Epidemics : The Black Death (1347-1351) decimated the European populations, including monastic communities. The number of vocations decreased drastically, leading to a drop in numbers in the abbeys.
• Economic Crisis : Population decline and destruction caused by conflicts lead to a decline in income from agricultural estates managed by the monks.

Internal Tensions and Abandonment of Ideals

Over time, some abbeys moved away from the principles of austerity and poverty, accumulating wealth and adopting lifestyles closer to those of the secular elites. This relaxation gave rise to criticism, both within the Order and from the Church and the faithful:

• The Commendation : The allocation of certain abbeys to commendatory abbots (often laymen or absent ecclesiastics) aggravated the situation. These abbots managed the abbey's assets for their own profit, to the detriment of monastic life.
• Loss of spiritual identity : In some communities, religious practices become less strict, and manual work, once central, is delegated to peasants or lay brothers.

A Declining Reputation

Criticism of the Order increased, both economically and spiritually. The image of purity and austerity that had been the strength of the Cistercians was crumbling, making a profound reform necessary.

The Trappist Reforms: A Return to the Sources

Faced with this situation, initiatives were born to restore Cistercian ideals. Among them, the reform carried out by the monks of the abbey of La Trappe, in Normandy, played a key role in the 17th century.

Origin of the Reformation

The Trappist reform began under the leadership of Jean de Rancé (1626-1700), abbot of La Trappe. Deeply affected by the decadence of the Order, he undertook to bring his community back to a strict observance of the original ideals:

• Spiritual rigor : A life marked by silence, prayer and fasting.
• Manual labor : A complete reintegration of agricultural and artisanal work into daily life.
• Absolute simplicity : Strict austerity in buildings, clothing and practices.

Birth of the Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance

The reform of La Trappe inspired other abbeys and led to the creation of a separate branch, known as the Trappists or Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance (OCSO) . This movement did not aim to replace the original Cistercian Order, but to offer an alternative for those who wished to live a more rigorous observance.

A Renewed and Renowned Order

The Trappists became famous for their strict discipline and commitment to manual work, especially in agriculture and crafts. They specialized in the production of renowned products, such as:

• Cheeses : Made in many Trappist abbeys, they become emblematic.
• Beers : Trappist beers, brewed according to strict traditions, are acquiring an international reputation.

The Impact of Reforms

The Trappist reform breathed new life into the Cistercian ideal, attracting new vocations and revitalizing the image of the Order. However, it also marked a split, with two distinct branches:

• The Cistercians of the Common Observance (OCist) , who follow a less rigorous rule.
• The Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO) or Trappists, faithful to a more austere vision.

Heritage and Modern Period

These reforms allowed the Cistercian Order to overcome crises and to endure to this day. The Trappists, in particular, continue to perpetuate a tradition of austere monastic life, marked by prayer and work. Their heritage is not only spiritual, but also cultural, thanks to the renown of their artisanal and agricultural products.

Thus, despite crises and divisions, the Cistercian Order manages to reinvent itself, remaining faithful to its founding ideal while adapting to the challenges of each era.

Conclusion

The Cistercian Order, born from a desire to return to the essence of monasticism, has marked history through its spiritual, economic and cultural impact. Despite the trials, it remains a living testimony to a commitment to God, work and community. Its abbeys, many of which still stand, are reminders of the timeless beauty of a life centered on the essential.